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19年考研英语一真题答案(2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解)

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简介19年考研英语一真题答案(2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解),本文通过数据整理汇集了19年考研英语一真题答案(2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解)相关信息,下面一起看看。2019考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】

19年考研英语一真题答案(2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解),本文通过数据整理汇集了19年考研英语一真题答案(2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解)相关信息,下面一起看看。

2019考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】

方向:

阅读下面的文字。为每个标有数字的空格选择最佳单词,并在答题卡上标出甲、乙、丙或d .(10分)

今天,我们生活在一个智能手机上可以使用全球(卫星)定位系统系统、数字地图和其他导航应用的世界。我们中的一个人不带电话直接走进了树林。但是手机是靠电池的,电池会比我们意识到的更快耗尽。你迷路了,没有电话也没有指南针,你找不到北,以下几个技巧可以帮你找到文明世界,其中之一就是沿着陆地走.

当你发现自己在一条小径上,但不是在一个完全的区域,你必须回答两个问题:在这个特定的区域,哪一个是下坡?最近的水源在哪里?绝大多数人类生活在山谷中,依靠淡水供应。如果你下山,沿着你发现的任何一个H2O走,你应该会看到有人的迹象。

如果你以前探索过这个地区,留意熟悉的景象——你可能会很快发现一个独特的岩石或树木可以恢复你的方位。

另12:登高寻找有人居住的迹象。即使在茂密的森林中,你也应该能够看到由于道路、火车轨道和其他人们在树林中开辟的小路而在树线中留下的缺口。向这16个方向前进,找到出路。晚上,扫描地平线上的17个光源,如火和路灯,然后走向光污染的光芒。

18,假设你在一个人类经常去的地方迷路了,寻找我们留在风景上的19。痕迹、轮胎印和其他特征可以让你了解文明。

1.[A]一些[B]大多数[C]少数[D]全部

2.放,拿,跑,来

3.从…开始直到…为止

4.正式地,相对地,逐渐地,字面上

5.回到下一个地方

6.单独穿过[D]

7.不吸引人的,不拥挤的,不变的,不熟悉的

8.地点,地点,方向,地点

9.因此,然而,除此之外

10.立即,有意,出乎意料,最终

11.惊讶的,烦恼的,害怕的,困惑的

12.[A]问题[B]选项[C]查看[D]结果

13.[A]高于一切[B]相反[C]平均起来[D]例如

14.桥梁避免斑点分离

15.从[B]到[C]在[D]之下

16.[A]帖子[B]链接[C]底纹[D]分隔符

17.人造的神秘的隐藏的有限的

18.[A]最后[B]因此[C]顺便提一下[D]一般来说

19.记忆,标记,笔记,物品

20.限制采用铅暴露

1-20参考答案及解析:

1.生活在一个全球(卫星)定位系统系统,数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取"。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致,再考虑到句中的没有电话,可知,此处需要双重否定表达肯定,所以,选择很少,符合文意;

2.【C】跑固定搭配;此题考查与介词在的搭配情况;用电池运行表示手机使用电池得以运行;其他选项的搭配为穿上增加;假装;使…上场);承担(承担;呈现;具有;流行);加油(快点;开始;要求;上演;);语义搭配不通顺,故选择继续搭配;

3.【B】如果逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为".你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,找不到北方,我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.文明";前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系,所以选择如果;其余选项:因为(因为,自从);虽然(虽然);直到(直到) 代入后,不符合语义表达;

4.【D】字面意思词义辨析题;空格处所在句为"假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,找不到北方,我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.文明";简直表示确实地,真正地;符合语义表达;其余选项:正式(正式地);相对(相对地);渐渐地(逐渐地)不符合语义表达;

5.【a】背单词词义分析题;问题的语义表达“我们有一些帮助你导航的技巧.文明”,只有后退呼应了前一篇中的失落,所以选择后退;

6.[b] off词义分析题;空白句子指的是“当你发现自己的时候”.小路。但不完全是.

面积。你需要回答两个问题:在这个特殊的区域,哪个.是下坡?最近的水源在哪里?"

所以根据句意表达,off(远离,远离)符合句意;其他选项:到(上…);了解一下…);穿越(穿越,穿越),独自(独白,独自),所以选关;

7.【D】生僻词义分析题;根据问题的语义表达,“当你发现自己.小路。但它不是一个完整的.面积”,语义搭配,生疏更符合要求;其他选项:不吸引人;

无遮盖(不是不拥挤,宽敞);选项c不变(不变,不变);不符合语义表达;

8.【C】道词义分析题;根据问题的上下文,“你需要回答两个问题:在这个特殊的区域,哪个.正在走下坡路?最近的水源在哪里?”因此,只有这样才符合要求;其他选项:站点(位置;位置;地方);点(要点;分数;标点符号);Place(地点;住所;座位),不符合句意表达;

9.【答】所以逻辑关系题;标题句指出“生活在山谷中的人们基本上需要淡水来维持生计,如果你下山,顺着水走,就会发现人类的痕迹……”,这里的语义逻辑是显而易见的,并且考察因果逻辑关系;因此,所以,其他选项:然而(然而);反而(反而,反而);除了(除了,还有);不符合句意要求;

10.[d]最终结果的词义分析;标题句提到“.如果你下山,顺着水走,就会发现人类的痕迹……”,才最终(终于)符合题目要求,语义通顺;其他选择:立即;故意(故意,故意);出乎意料(出乎意料);不符合语义表达,所以排除;

1.【a】惊讶词义分析题;标题句提到“如果你以前来过这个地方,你一定要注意熟悉的场景,你可能.快速识别一块有明显特征的石头或树,以唤起你的记忆”;在这里,只有惊讶才符合题目的要求;其他选项明显贬义,不符合要求;

12.【b】选项词义分析题;在这篇文章的第一段中提到“如果你迷路了,没有电话和指南针,你真的找不到北,我们会有一些技能帮助你回到文明社会”,这里考察的地方是“另一个”.爬到高处寻找人类居住的迹象”前面提到的;只有option符合句意和感情色彩的要求;

13.[D]例如逻辑关系问题;主题句的结构抽象为具体的实例关系(前文提到“另一个选项是爬山寻找人类居住的迹象”,与后面的寻找迹象形成一个抽象到具体的过程),所以选择了举例;

14.【C】现货词义分析题;这个问题需要借助前面的语义内容和逻辑关系。这里要填的动词和look for语义相似,所以选spot,符合语义表达;其他选项:桥;避免(避免、消除);分开(单独);不符合语义要求;

15.【b】通过词义分析提问;解析:此题为语义题,固定搭配题。它研究了雕刻和木材之间的关系。按照常理,路应该是穿过森林的,所以这句话的意思是路穿过森林,所以选项B穿过才是正确答案。

16.【D】破语义分析题;这个话题是语义性的。根据上一句话的信息,人为原因造成的树线缺口不难判断。往有树隙的地方走就能找到出路,所以D选项breaks是正确答案。

17.【a】人造词义分析题和逻辑关系题;如题干中所示的示例关系,我们可以首先判断文中的火和路灯可以确定火和路灯的共同特征是

18.【一】终于语义题;文章后面指出假设你在人类常去的地方迷路,寻找我们在地面上留下的,因前文已经举例说明了几种情况,如当你在一个并非完全不熟悉的环境中迷路,可知此处应是最后一种假设情况,故本题英语字母表中第一个字母选项最后为正确答案。

19.标记词义辨析题;根据常识,在人类常去的地方,地面上必定有很多标志,故寻找我们在地面上留下的标志,在此处更符合文意,故本题英语字母表的第2个字母选项记号为正确答案。

20.【C】铅词义辨析题;道路上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征能够指引你去有人烟的地方,此外,本题处的单词应该与前文中的航行同义,故本题英语字母表中第三个字母选项导致为正确答案。

第二节阅读理解

第一部分

方向:

读下面四篇课文。选择甲、乙、丙或英语字母表的第4个字母来回答每篇课文下面的问题。在答题纸上标出你的答案。(40分)

文本数字一(one)

英国的金融法规给大银行的老板们强加了一条相当不寻常的规则。从明年开始,如果银行因不当行为接受调查,高管的任何保证奖金都可能被推迟10年。这一"追回"规则的主要目的是让银行家对有害的冒险行为负责,并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。然而,官员们还希望获得更大的好处:不仅是银行,还有所有企业做出更长期的决策,为子孙后代建设更强大的经济。

英格兰银行首席经济学家说,上市公司的"短期主义"或快速获利的欲望已经恶化。安德鲁霍尔丹。他引用了古典经济的巨人阿尔弗雷德马歇尔的话,将这种金融上的不耐烦描述为"从布丁里挑出李子马上吃的孩子",而不是把它们放在一边最后吃。

他指出,近几十年来,美国和英国持有股票的平均时间已经从7年下降到7个月。要求公司提供高额季度利润的短期投资者会阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力。这被称为"季度资本主义"。

此外,新的数字技术使得股票交易更加快速,信息利用更加迅速,从而缩短了人们对金融市场的关注时间。美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔加拉格尔在本周的演讲中表示:"短期思维似乎占据了主导地位,而长期投资则受到了损害。"。

在美国,2002年萨班斯-奥克斯利法案(萨班斯-奥克斯利法案)迫使大部分上市公司将高管绩效奖金推迟一年左右,这在一定程度上帮助减少了"短期主义"。在最新的首席执行官薪酬调查中,华尔街日报发现,高管薪酬的"很大一部分"现在与业绩挂钩。

在鼓励"长期主义"方面还可以做得更多,比如修改税法和加快股票收购信息的披露。在法国,持有公司投资至少两年的股东有时可以在公司获得更多投票权。

在公司内部,正确的薪酬设计可以激励高管超越自己在公司的时间,代表所有利益相关者进行思考。英国的新规定提醒银行家们,社会对他们的表现感兴趣,不仅仅是短期的,而是长期的。

21.根据第数字一(one)段,实施新规则的一个动机是______。

形容词(形容词的缩写)增强银行家的责任感

B.帮助企业获得更大的利润

碳(碳的缩写)建立新的金融监管体系

D.保证高管的奖金

22.阿尔弗雷德马歇尔被引用来表示_________。

形容词(形容词的缩写)快速获利的条件

B.政府在决策中的不耐烦

碳(碳的缩写)上市公司的稳固结构

D.经济活动中的"短期主义"

23.有观点认为,短期投资对上市公司的影响可以是_________。

形容词(形容词的缩写)间接的

B.不利的

碳(碳的缩写)最小的

D.暂时的

24.美国和法国的例子是用来说明__________。

形容词(形容词的缩写)防止"短期主义"的障碍。

B.长远思考的意义。

碳(碳的缩写)促进"长期主义"的方法。

D.短期思维的盛行。

25.以下哪一个是这篇文章最好的标题?

形容词(形容词的缩写)季度资本主义的失败

B.耐心是一种企业美德

碳(碳的缩写)高层管理人员需要的果断

D.冒险银行家的挫败感

21-25参考答案及解析:

21.【一】增强银行家的责任感;细节题。题目中明确出题段落(根据第数字一(one)段)及相应的信息点(实施新规则的一个动机),因此,答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(这一"追回"规则的主要目的是让银行家对有害的冒险行为负责,并恢复公众对金融机构的信任这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任),那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的"责任感"则对应到句中的"增强银行家的责任感(增加银行的责任感)";而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘,在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。

22.【D经济活动中的'短期主义';细节题。题干中的定位信息在《阿尔弗雷德马歇尔》上,直接定位到第二段的第二句"他引用了古典经济巨人阿尔弗雷德马歇尔的话,将这种金融不耐烦描述为行动……",定位信息里的"这种金融不耐烦"则是回指第二段首句的"短期主义",故信息点则为"短期主义",所以最佳选项则为经济活动中的"短期主义",而其他选项在定位信息中未提及;

23.【不利的】;细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的"短暂投资",直接定位到第三段的第二句向公司索取高额季度利润的短期投资者会阻碍公司投资于长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力,从四个选项的褒贬正负来看间接、最小和暂时的为中性的表述,只有英语字母表的第2个字母选项的不利的为明确的负面表达,意思为"不利的",与原文中的"阻碍"(阻碍打扰)对应上。

24.【C】促进"长期主义"的方法;例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位,美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息,第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴,继而促进缓解"短期主义"盛行的现状;第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以,最佳选项应为"促进长期主义的方法",与原文一致;

25.耐心是一种企业美德;主旨题。题干中的标题为标题题的信息,所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意;英语字母表的第2个字母选项里的耐心可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词"短期主义"和"长期主义",企业本身在文章中出现多次,所以英语字母表的第2个字母选项则为最近标题,体现主旨大意;其余选项均不能概括全文,故排除。

文本2

分数膨胀——过去几十年平均平均绩点(平均绩点)的逐渐增加——通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物,在这个时代,学生被当作顾客来取悦。但是另一种相关的力量——一种通常深埋在课程目录中的叫做"分数宽恕"的政策——正在帮助提高平均绩点.

分数赦免允许学生重修他们获得低分数的课程,并且在计算学生的总平均积点时,只有最近的分数或最高分数才算数。

这种鲜为人知的做法在最近几年有所加速,因为大学继续尽最大努力让学生留在学校(并支付学费)并提高他们的毕业率。当这种做法在几十年前首次开始时,它通常仅限于大一新生,如果他们在过渡到大学水平的课程时遇到困难,可以给他们第一年上课的第二次机会。但是现在大多数大学保留了许多选择性的校园,允许所有本科生,甚至研究生的低分被原谅。

大学官员倾向于强调,分数赦免的目标与其说是关于分数本身,不如说是鼓励学生在不招致严重惩罚的情况下,重新选修对他们的学位课程和毕业至关重要的课程。"不合时宜,"俄亥俄州立大学注册主任杰克迈纳说,"我们看到学生取得更大的成功,因为他们重修了一门课程,在后续内容中做得更好,或者掌握了让他们按时毕业的内容。"

也就是说,分数赦免也有一种方式可以满足大学自身的需求。对于公共机构来说,国家资金有时部分与他们在毕业率和学生保留率等指标上的成功挂钩——因此,通过提高这些数字,更好的成绩意味着更多的钱。任何提高平均绩点的事情都可能会让学生——最终买单的人——觉得他们的学费花得更值,这是大学的另一个大问题。

事实上,分数赦免只是大学回应消费者对高等教育期望的另一种方式。由于学生和家长期望大学文凭能够引领一份工作,所以培养出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来合格——对学校来说是最有利的。在这一点上,学生和大学的动机似乎是一致的。

26.通常认为分数膨胀的原因是什么?

形容词(形容词的缩写)课程目录的变化。

B.学生对盖氏人格评估系统学说的冷漠。

碳(碳的缩写)大学对盖氏人格评估系统学说的忽视。

D.消费文化的影响。

27.年级原谅最初的目的是什么?

形容词(形容词的缩写)帮助大一新生适应大学学习。

B.维持大学的毕业率。

碳(碳的缩写)让毕业生为充满挑战的未来做好准备。

D.增加大学的学费收入。

28.根据第5段,分数赦免使大学能够______。

形容词(形容词的缩写)获得更多的财政支持

B.提高他们的学生入学率

碳(碳的缩写)提高教学质量

D.满足地方政府的需求

29.短语"要对齐"(第5行,第6段)最有可能是什么意思?

形容词(形容词的缩写)来互相制衡。

B.相辅相成。

碳(碳的缩写)彼此相同。

D.互相矛盾。

30.作者通过________考察了等级宽恕的实践。

形容词(形容词的缩写)评估其可行性

B.分析其背后的原因

碳(碳的缩写)比较不同的观点

D.列出它的长期影响

26-30参考答案及解析:

26.【D】消费文化的影响;细节题。根据题干中的关键词分数膨胀可以定位到首段第一句话,此句话的句子主干:"分数膨胀通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物。"题干中的被认为是对应原文中的被认为是,题干中的()的原因后边接结果)与原文中的的产品(前边接结果)都表示因果关系。选项英语字母表中第四个字母中消费者是原文中的复现,其他选项都不具备干扰性,因此答案选择d。

27.【一】帮助新生适应大学学习;细节题。根据题干中的关键词,我们只能定位到文章的第二段,但是第二段讲的是分级宽恕具体是什么,并没有提及它的目的,然后接下看第三段的首句,出现了这种鲜为人知的做法指的就是分级宽恕.而且题干中的最初的目的对应原文中的在第三段第二句话:"当这种做法在几十年前首次开始时,它通常仅限于大一新生,如果他们在向大学课程过渡的过程中遇到困难,可以给他们第一年上课的第二次机会。"选项英语字母表中第一个字母中的大学一年级新生是原词复现,救命是对应原文中的给他们第二次机会,适应对应原文中的在向大学学习的过渡中挣扎对应原文中的大学水平的课程.因此答案为答.

28.【一】获得更多的资金支持;细节题。根据题干中的关键词第5段、分级宽恕和大学可以定位到第五段的第一句,即分级宽恕能够满足学生的需求,但是对应选项并没有对应的答案,所以接着往下看,提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关,得到更好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项英语字母表中第一个字母中的财政支援指的就是国家基金.因此答案为答.

29.【一致】彼此相同;猜词题。根据题干,可以定位到第六段最后一句话:"在这一点上,学生和大学的动机似乎是一致的。"所以解题的关键是找到这指代的内容这个。指代的是前一句话,即:因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作,所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人,或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以的出学生和学校的目标是一致的,选项英语字母表中第三个字母中的与.相同表示的是与……相同,因此答案为丙.

30.【B】分析背后的原因;主旨题。题干的字面意思是作者是通过什么样的方式来检验分级宽恕的实践操作,但是是考查文章的主旨,属于主旨题。阅读每段的段落大意句,可以得出文章主要讲解的是分级宽恕的原因。因此答案为乙.

文本3

今年正好是《弗兰肯斯坦》出版后的两个国家;或者玛丽雪莱的《现代普罗米修斯》。甚至在电灯泡发明之前,作者就创作了一部非凡的推理小说,预示着未来科技将会引发许多伦理问题。

今天,人工智能(大赦国际)的快速发展提出了一些基本问题:"什么是智能、识别或

意识?是什么让人类成为人类?"

所谓的人工智能,即模仿人类思维方式的机器,继续避开科学家。然而,人类仍然对机器人的想法很感兴趣,这些机器人会像人类一样看,移动和响应,类似于最近在热门科幻电视剧《西部世界》(西部世界)和《人类》(人类)中描述的机器人。

斯坦福大学神经科学家大卫伊格尔曼说,人们的思维方式仍然太复杂,难以理解,更不用说复制了。"我们现在的情况是,没有好的理论来解释意识实际上是什么,以及如何建造一台机器来实现它。"

但这并不意味着涉及人工智能的关键伦理问题不会出现。例如,即将到来的自动驾驶汽车的使用带来了棘手的伦理问题。人类司机有时必须在瞬间做出决定。他们的反应可能是瞬间反射、过去驾驶经验的输入以及他们的眼睛和耳朵在那一刻告诉他们的东西的复杂组合。今天的人工智能"视觉"远不如人类的复杂。并且预测每一种可以想象的驾驶情况是一个困难的编程问题。

总部位于新加坡的一家机构的首席执行官陈杰怎么样指出,每当决策基于大量数据时,"你很快就会陷入许多道德问题,"该机构正在帮助政府制定一项关于人工智能道德使用的自愿准则。与新加坡一样,其他政府和大型企业也开始制定自己的指导方针。英国正在建立一个数据伦理中心。印度今年春天发布了人工智能伦理战略。

6月7日,谷歌承诺不会"设计或部署会造成"全面伤害"的人工智能,也不会开发人工智能导向的武器或使用人工智能进行违反国际规范的监控。它还承诺不部署其使用将违反国际法或人权的人工智能。

虽然声明含糊不清,但它代表了一个起点。人工智能系统做出的决定应该是可解释的、透明的和公平的,这一观点也是如此。

换句话说:我们如何确保智能机器的思维反映人类的最高价值观?只有这样,他们才会成为有用的仆人,而不是弗兰肯斯坦的失控怪物。

31.玛丽雪莱的小说《弗兰肯斯坦》被提及是因为它

形容词(形容词的缩写)让全世界的人工智能科学家着迷。

B.已经流行了200年之久。

碳(碳的缩写)涉及到今天人工智能提出的一些担忧。

D.引发了严重的伦理争议。

32.在大卫伊格尔曼看来,我们目前对意识的了解

形容词(形容词的缩写)有助于解释人工智能。

B.可能被误解

ading to robot making.

C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.

D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.

33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A. can hardly ever be found.

B. is still beyond our capacity.

C. causes little public concern.

D. has aroused much curiosity.

34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one of

A. affirmation.

B. skepticism.

C. contempt.

D. respect.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

D. AI Shall Be Killers once Out of Control

31-35参考答案及解析:

31.【C】involves some concerns raised by AI today; 通过题干Mary Shelly’s novel Frankenstein及题文同序原则可定位至文章第一段,在该段尾句,fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. 此句中 ethical questions 可同义替换题干中的concern。故C为正选。

32.【D】is too limited for us to reproduce it;观点细节题。可通过关键词consciousness 回文定位至原文第2段尾句部分:we are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. 可知我们将意识注入机器的能力是有限的,因为没有好的理论可以解释。

33.【B】is still beyond our capacity;根据题干关键词可定位至文章第3段,AI “vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.该句说到:当下,人工智能的思维还不能达到人类的精密程度,去让机器去预设每一种驾驶情形是一个困难的编程问题。由此说明,去解决人工智能所带来的道德问题,是在人类的能力范围之外的。

34.【A】affirmation;态度题 ,根据题干中的 the author’s attitude ,Google’s pledges.回文定位到第八段,,开头while转折,while the statement is vague, 与vague相反的即是观点,所以表示正向情感的词即是正解。affirmation表示确定。

35.【C】Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of AI;主旨题。本文首段通过引用Mary Shelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题新技术所引发的道德问题。特别是在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及。全篇复现了AI和conscience这两个关键词,所以答案选C

Text 4

States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.

Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The

Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”

36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will

A. Dette business’ relutions with states

B. put most online business in a dilemma

C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D. forces some states to cut sales tax

37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions

A. have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B. have cost consumers a lot over the years

C. were widely criticized by online purchases

D. were considered up favorable by states

38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has

A. hindered economic development

B. brought prosperity to the country

C. harmed fair market competition

D. boosted growth in states revenue

39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling

A. Internet entrepreneurs B. Big-chain owners

C. Third-party sellers D. Small retailers

40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author

A. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B. describes the long and complicated process of its making

C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications

36-40参考答案及解析:

36.【C】 make more online shoppers pay sales tax;本题为细节题,根据题干关键字“the Supreme Court decision Thursday”定位到原文第一段“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that ...”前半句已经明确提出各州的在线购物可能要交税,对应选项C,原词“ online”加“ shoppers”对“purchase”的同义替换。其他三个选项均为提及。

37.【D】were considered up favorable by states;根据题干“learned”可知本题为推理题,根据关键字“the overruled decisions ”定位到原文第二段的两句,大意为“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年税收损失惨重,因此以前的政策很难再收取网上营业税”两句表示出的意思都是对州政府的不利,对比四个选项,得出答案D,州政府认为原政策对州会不利,因此驳回这项决定会对州有有利,为正话反说。

38.【C】harmed fair market competition;本题为细节题,根据题干关键词“Justice Anthony Kennedy”“the physical presence rule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句,大意为实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损,接着下一句Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented from on an even playing field.”该规定限制了州政府长期繁荣,并妨碍市场参与者参与公平竞争。对比四个选项,D选项为“破坏了公平市场竞争”和原文“competing”“ market participant”一一对应,为正确答案。

39.【B】Big-chair owners;根据题干“likely”得出本题为推理题,利用关键词“welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“ The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since....”对于大公司来说这项规定是一种胜利,因为...,只需找到关键词 “big chain”即可选出B选项:大型连锁公司。

40.【D】cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications;本题为主旨题,需找出作者的相应观点与论证,根据题干关键词In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday”回顾每段首尾句,推测每段大意,第一段讲述最高法院通过了征收在线营业税的决定,第二段介绍之前的裁决及后果是对州政府不利的,第三段介绍了原来裁决涉及到的案例,第四段陈列了法官的观点,即以前的裁决是有问题的,第五段主要讲述新判决会对大型连锁超市产生有利的影响,第六段讲述新裁决对州外卖价的影响,第七段表示新的判决得到零售界的肯定,因此本文的思路为:首段引出新判决,二三四段列举相关案例,五六七段对其影响进行讲述,对比四个选项,得出D:作者在讲述这个判决时引用了相关案例并分析了他们的影响。

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.

B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get the

best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.

G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

41→42→F→43→44→C→45

41-45参考答案及解析:

E D G B A

41. E [In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.]

段落排序解题若首段未给出,首先需要大家通读全部选项首句话,本句首句话中的句间衔接关系排除选首段。本篇文章中,A选项第一句话中含有指代关系词these 故根据该词确定本选项直接排除,B选项有of cause衔接上下文的词出现,D选项可以作为首段的可能选项,E选项也可以作为首段的可能选项,G选项首句中含有better way比较级,故本题的答案应在D或E选项中得出,根据D选项人物Carnegie和E选项人物Dale Carnegie的名称特点,可以得知首次出现应为全名形式,故本题的答案应为E选项。

42. D [Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.]

首段为Carnegie的观点信息,故下段复现应为该人物的观点承接,故通过扫读剩下的选项可知该题只有D选项可以承接。

43. G [There is a better way to win arguments. ]

该题上一段最后一句话为“None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win -- in one way.”可知these tricks是对上文信息的否定,下文应该复现win arguments的肯定的表述,根据选项分析可知G选项首句There is a better way to win arguments.正好与F选项尾句形成首尾衔接。

44. B [Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. ]

该题上段为G段,尾句讲述的是 Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers. 而根据衔接可确定G段讲述的是成功的讨论,B选项首句not so successful正衔接上文,转折讲述不成功的案例。

45. A [These tools can help you win every argument--not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. ]

上段C选项中 Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.最后这几句话主要讲的是有关于谈话的四种手段,正好与A选项首句中的These tools 形成呼应关系,故本题答案应为A选项。

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.

(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

46-50参考答案及解析:

(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

考点:there be句型、定语从句、状语从句、词义选择

结构分析:含有定语从句和状语从句的复合句。句子主干为:There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense. in the medical journals为介词短语作状语修饰主干内容,其中名词journals又带有一个由which引导的定语从句,which 指代nonsense, 而定语从句中又含有一个由when引导的状语从句,从句层层包裹,形成复合句,翻译时注意理清从句间的关系。

参考译文:医学期刊中由很多类似的无稽之谈,这些说法一旦被广播公司和新闻媒体报道,就会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。

(47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

考点:分词短语作定语、被动语态、比较结构

结构分析:含有分词结构和定语从句的复合句。句子主干为:nowadays anyone … has to have published twice the number of papers….其中,“applying for a research post”为现在分词短语作定语修饰anyone,“that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago”为定语从句修饰papers, “twice the number of…”为比较结构。

参考译文:如今,任何申请研究职位的人都必须发表两倍于10年前同一职位所需的论文数量。

(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.

考点:被动语态、插入语、介词短语作状语、词义选择、语序调整

结构分析:本句为主谓结构的简单句。句子主干为:Attempts have been made….其中,“to curb this tendency”和“by…”分别为不定式短语和介词短语作状语修饰句子主干内容。

参考译文:人们已经做出努力来遏制这种趋势,例如,将质量和数量标准纳入申请者的论文评估中。

(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

考点:状语从句、虚拟语气、同位语从句

结构分析:本句为含有状语从句的复合句。主干为:This would be reasonable…;“…that scientists can…”为that引导的同位语从句解释说明fact内容。“arrange to cite ….“和”get associates to do so…“为动宾结构并列和前面名词scientists构成主谓宾结构。

参考译文:如果不是因为科学家们可以很容易地在未来的出版物中引用自己,或者让同事为他们这样作以换取类似的好处,这将是合理的。

(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

考点:状语从句、宾语从句

结构分析:本句为含有状语从句和宾语从句的复合句。主干为:…we must ensure that…其中,“if we are serious about…”为条件状语从句,“ensuring that …”为现在分词结构作介词宾语;“…that our institutions encourage that kind of science”为ensure引导的宾语从句。

参考译文:如果我们确实要保证我们的科学既有意义又可再生,那么我们必须确保我们的机构鼓励这种科学的进步。

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the project.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)

【参考范文】

Dear friend,

I am greatly pleased to receive your letter and I am writing to you to express my sincere hope that I can offer you some details about the project of Aiding Rural Primary School, the details are as follows.

In the first place, the aim of this project is to help rural children in a poor financial condition to improve their English, which needs you make an English teaching plan in advance. In the second place, this project will be held at June, lasting about 15days, therefore it is essential for you to prepare some clothes and daily necessities.In the last place, importance should be attached to the role played by the language due to the fact that there is a few people understanding English, which needs you are capable of speaking basic Chinese.

I wish my introduction could satisfy your requirement, and look forward to discussing more details with you.

Yours Sincerely,

Li Ming

51【参考范文译文】

亲爱的朋友:

我很开心收到你的来信,我写这封信主要是为你详细介绍一下关于“援助乡村小学”项目的信息,细节如下:

首先,这个项目是为了帮助乡村家庭条件不好的孩子提高他们的英文水平,需要你提前做一份英语教学计划,其次这个项目将在6月进行并将持续15天,因此你需要准备一些衣物和日用品。最后,由于当地的人基本不懂英语,所以你最好学习一些汉语的基本表达。

我希望我的介绍回答了你想知道的问题,期待和你讨论更多的细节。

你最真挚的,

李明

【题目点评】

今年的小作文考得主要是关于一个项目的介绍,并给这位志愿者回信,那么这篇小作文可以写介绍信,在之前的考试中也有类似的话题,所以构思上还是很容易的。第一段主要表达一下自己收到来信的心情并表达一下自己这封回信的目的,第二段可以展开对项目进行介绍,比如项目的目标、背景、时间或者地点等,也可以拓展一些自己会写的内容,第三段就是常规的客套,希望这封回信能帮到对方或者在未来能与对方进行进一步的讨论。只要你有作文框架和思路,这篇作文还是很容易拿高分的。

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should

1) describe the pictures briefly,

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

52【参考范文】

The cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing a hill, but one of them desires to give up due to tiredness, while the other one encourages him to keep going.

Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the significance of persistence. At the top of the list, we should attach importance to perseverance mainly due to that it can enable us to ameliorate ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion, and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges.What’s more, we ought to place a high value on the role played by persistence in personal growth. Put it another way, in this ever-changing world, perseverance is to personal growth what water is to fish. To sum up, if persistence misses our attention in any possible way, we will suffer a great loss beyond imagination.

Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from the above cartoon. For one thing, we should frequently use it to enlighten the young. For another, we should cultivate the awareness of teenagers that it is very vital to keep going toward our goals. only by doing so, can we become winner in the face of difficulties.

【参考范文译文】

这个漫画给我们呈现了一个发人深思的情景:两人正在爬山,但是其中一个人因为疲劳想要放弃,而另一个人鼓励他继续下去。

毫无疑问,图画的作者旨在提醒我们坚持重要性。首先,我们应该重视坚持,主要是因为坚持可以让我们完善自身,这样我们未来才有资格得到职业生涯的进步,才能做好准备迎接以后的挑战。另外,我们也应该重视坚持在个人成长方面的作用。在这个多变的时代,坚持对于个人成长就像水对于鱼一样重要。 换言之,如果我们以任何可能的形式忽视坚持,我们将遭受非常巨大的损失。因此,从以上图画中得出积极的含义非常重要。一方面,我们应该经常用它来启迪年轻人。另外一方面,我们应该培养青少年重视坚持的意识。只有这样,我们才能成为困难面前的赢家。

【题目点评】

一方面,“坚持”这个话题可以说是考研英语写作传统话题,早在2004年就考过坚持题材的漫画:“终点又是新起点”,今年的考题再次验证反复研读真题的重要性;另外,坚持话题宏观上属于个人成功品质类话题。另一方面,这次作文的难点主要集中在图画描述和主题词的书写上,只要考前安心备考的同学都能顺利作答。整体而言,2019考研英语(一)大作文属于难度适中的题目。

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